Resource Library| Blogs | Scholarship |Careers| What We Translate| Mailing List, TranslationServices.com, LLC|Terms|Privacy| Image Sources |Accessibility. You can complete the translation of Purpecha given by the German-English Collins dictionary with other dictionaries: Wikipedia, Lexilogos, Langenscheidt, Duden, Wissen, Oxford, Collins dictionaries German-English dictionary : translate German words into English with online dictionaries. Puedo hablar en espaol, purpecha e ingls ^^ Triqui There are [], Monterey Language Services will be at the annual Middlebury Institute of International Studies Translation and Localization Management [read more], Introduction Unrelated to any other known language, Purpecha is considered either a language isolate or its own language family, with only two surviving languages. Thank you! Dear Wikiwand AI, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions. WebIn Glosbe you will find translations from English into Purepecha coming from various sources. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Listing of people groups speaking Purepecha. Purpecha Additionally, the Purepecha language uses a mostly Roman alphabet with the addition of letter combinations like ch, nh, ku, nh, rh, and ts. - Few evangelicals, but significant number who identify as Christians. The Aztecs established Tenochtitln on Lake Texcoco in the late 13th century; the Purpecha, on Lake Janitzio, with their base of power in Tzintzuntzan, about 1325. Most important, though, is the fact that in spite of the Spanish conquistadors and the passage of time, the Purepecha people have retained so many of the cultural elements that set them apart from the rest of Mexico. Professional human translation for any language, any topic. Translator. Literary translation. Verbs are extensively inflected for aspect, mood, person, number, and more. Professional Translators: What Makes Them Great? Hola The translated sentences you will find in Glosbe come from parallel corpora (large databases with translated texts). How about contacting us today to discuss your Purpecha translation needs? The language distinguishes between plural and unspecified numbers, with no dedicated singular form.[19]. The language is spoken mostly in rural communities in the highlands of Michoacn. The discipline concerned with issues related to the production of translations is called translation studies . Purpecha n. Das bedeutet nicht, dass der Tod nicht auch eine schmerzliche Erfahrung ist: Beatrz Huacuz ist eine junge Frau aus dem Volk der Purpecha. This does The phonemic inventory of the Tarcuato dialect is presented below. WebTranslations in context of "purpecha" in Spanish-English from Reverso Context: Victor Hugo Garduo y Felipe, nuestro gua purpecha . Purepecha Language. Purepecha Hindi; Translation Find a translation for the PURPECHA definition in other languages: Select another language: - Select - (Chinese - Simplified) (Chinese - Traditional) Espaol (Spanish) Thank you for everything. Download free evangelism resources, MP3s, audio bible study tools, language/dialect information. Glosbe is a home for thousands of dictionaries. Kurikaweris domain was the sky; he was associated with falcons, hawks, and eagles. As in Spanish orthography, a stressed syllable is indicated by the acute accent. Can you list the top facts and stats about Purpecha language? WebPurepecha language and dialect information. 2023 LoveToKnow Media. Last updated on July 31, 2022 1. I am really keen to understand well and feel the culture and learn Aussie English Posted by on May 13, 2022 on May 13, 2022 WebThe Purpecha Language Source: Wikipedia, Purpecha language. The Purpecha language presently consists of 22 consonants and six vowels. WebPurepecha language resources. Translate texts with the world's best machine translation technology, developed by the creators of Linguee. The two mid vowels /e, o/ are uncommon, especially the latter. Even though it is spoken within the boundaries of Mesoamerica, Purpecha does not share many of the traits defining the Mesoamerican language area, suggesting that the language is a remnant of an indigenous pre-Aztec substrate that existed several thousands of years ago before the migration of speakers that contributed to the formation of the sprachbund, or alternatively is a relatively new arrival to the area. Like other Mesoamerican cultures, the Purpecha engaged in human sacrifice, but not to the extent of their enemies, the Aztecs. We also translate Sumerian to and from any other world language. That created a fairly homogeneous area of Purpecha speakers, with no other languages spoken in the core area around Lake Ptzcuaro. That judgement is repeated in Lyle Campbell's authoritative classification. Craftsmen belonged to guilds, and each had its patron god. The Purpecha people made good use of their literary skills once acquired, leaving a plethora of historical documents in the Amerindian language. How about requesting a free quote for Purpecha translation services now? Purpecha was the main language of the pre-Columbian Tarascan State and became widespread in the region during its heyday in the late post-Classic period. Many Nahua peoples who had lived side by side with Purpecha-speakers were relocated outside of the Tarascan frontiers, and Otomi-speakers fleeing the Aztec expansion resettled on the border between the two polities. Please. The Purpecha language, which is unrelated to any other in Mesoamerica, has been linked to Quechua, the native language of Peru. 1. WebPurpecha. This also meant preserving their language roots. We also offer usage examples showing dozens of translated sentences. For example, b, d and g can only come after m and n, like in the words "uamba" and "Iamendu.". Making a friend in the Purpecha (Tarascan)-speaking culture. Roots of English Words Found in Greek Mythology. and Tzintzuntzan means place of the hummingbirds. This may have been a descriptive name, the onomatopoeic sound of the beating of the hummingbirds wings, or a reference to a minor deity. It has no known relatives, though The language is exclusively suffixing and has a large number of suffixes (as many as 160[7]) and clitics. Honored above other deities were three supreme gods. Through Spanish friars, the Purpecha learned to write in the Latin script, and Purpecha became a literary language in the early colonial period. Instructors & Participants | Contact | Fees 2023 Reverso-Softissimo. WebQuickly translate words and phrases between English and over 100 languages. WebOther known names and dialect names: Cienega de Zacapu, Cuanajo, Eastern Lake Purepecha, Ihuatzio, Isla Janitzio, Phorhpecha, Porh, Puacuaro, Purpecha de la Zona Lacustre, Porhe, Porhpecha, Purhe, Purhpecha, San Jeronimo, Tarascan, Tarasco. Ethnologue distinguishes Purepecha [tsz] (40,850 speakers) from Western Highland Purepecha (135,000 speakers) DATE OF INFO 2005 (census) Translator School Url Author Free If you want to learn korean, You send me a message right now. Historically, the Aztecs occupied much of modern-day Mexico, but the existence of Purpecha suggests they may not have been the first inhabitants of the land. Want to learn more about unique languages? Tap the name of the current language on the left side and select English as the source language. Register [read more], Home | Schedule | Curriculum | Press/Blogs|FAQ Examples are automatically generated. Glosbe dictionaries are unique. "We couldn't be happier with the exchange. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The high central vowel is almost always after /s/ or /ts/ and is then almost an allophone of /i/. Word order is flexible, and the basic word order has been described as either SVO[16] or SOV. [17] However, most authors note that other word orders are frequently used for pragmatic purposes such as focus or topic tracking.[18]. How you can support Ukraine Purpecha Artists 2 Songs 3 Translations 2 When k or k' is followed by u and another vowel letter, the sequence virtually always represents the labio-velar phonemes. WebPurpecha(also Purhpecha[puepeta], Purepecha: Phorhor Phorhpecha), often called Tarascan, which is a pejorative term coined by Spanish colonizers (Spanish: Tarasco),[2]is a language isolateor small language familythat is spoken by some 140,000 Purpechain the highlands of Michoacn, Mexico. The official alphabet is the PURHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA (Purpecha Alphabet): The letters b, d, g occur in spelling only after m, n: mb, nd, ng, which reflects the pronunciation of p, t, k after nasal consonants. Offerings to the sun god included self-sacrifice (blood-letting), human sacrifice, and the burning of firewood. This was an organized civilization of soldiers, bureaucrats, and storytellers as well as skilled craftsmen. Nahuatl-speaking tribes from the north contributed to society, however people of pure Purpecha descent were apparently at the top rungs of society. What's more, the Purepecha people create beautiful handicrafts like pottery, mats and embroidery. Yes! Free Translator. It is sometimes considered a polysynthetic language because of its complex morphology and frequent long words. The official orthography does not have distinct representations for the four phonemes /k/, /k/, /w/, /j/. The Purpecha, a Mexican indigenous group, holds an annual celebration in the eastern Coachella Valley in honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe. With the aim to use for business . believe I am capable to teach you . Weve scouted translators from across Michoacn with experience in different types of translation, such as. WebThe name comes from the Purpecha word Tsintsuntsani, which means "place of hummingbirds". While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Speakers of indigenous languages were actively encouraged to abandon their languages in favor of Spanish. The most important was Kurikaweri, god of war and of the sun. We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions or information about the inflection. People Groups. Purpecha was the main language of the pre-Columbian Tarascan State and became widespread in the region during its heyday in the late post-Classic period. There are also a number of suffixes expressing shape, position, or body parts that affect or are affected by the verbal action.[25][26][27]. Translating educational documents from English to Purpecha is a great way to get kids immersed in the language while providing them with the education they need to be successful in society. WebOur Purepecha translation team has many experienced document translators who specialize in translating many different types of documents including birth and Aunque mi ingls no es mativo igual puedo comunicarme bien. Explore the Purepecha language, common words in Purepecha, and even the culture of this indigenous people. No other Mesoamerican people did this work. And I'm taking Lesson in SDSU. [16], 'he ate fish' (i.e., 'fish is what he ate'), Verbs inflect for aspects and moods as well as for person and number of the subject and the object. It can be difficult to define what languages and people groups are really indigenous. In the Americas, we can easily distinguish between the European descendants and the diverse Amerindian populations that inhabited the land prior to colonization. However, in the 1700s, the Spaniards became unwelcoming of indigenous languages, pursuing a policy of Hispanicization instead, leading to a slow and steady decline of Purpecha and the many other indigenous languages that surrounded it. The empire continued to grow and hold off attacks by the neighboring Aztec Empire, until the Spanish arrived. There are two rhotics ('r'-sounds, one of them being retroflex). Purpecha WebFree to translation provided by Translation Services USA, provider of translation services of high quality by language to translators at excellent prices by New York translation company. Second Language Acquisition Theory. Viento, agua, piedra (Purpecha translation) Artist: Octavio Paz Featuring artist: El Clrigo Luna Song: Viento, agua, piedra Translations: English +8 more Spanish A A Viento, agua, piedra El agua horada la piedra, el viento dispersa el agua, la piedra detiene al viento. Purepecha is just one of them. WebToday, Purpecha is divided into two main varieties (or languages): a central language with around 40,000 speakers and a western highland language with around 135,000 The Purepecha Fiesta is a celebration to recognize the Purepecha Nation. While the language typically follows the subject-object-verb sentence structure, the Purepecha language has several variations. purpecha (9) purpechas (7) Stand With Ukraine! Text; Translator; Conversation; Apps; For business; Help; Text. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Click the image in the popup window for a people group profile. Data is not as precise as it appears. Other data may have varying ages. Before making travel plans based on data presented here, please confirm with other sources to the extent possible. The two major variations are the lake dialect, near Lake Patzcuaro, and the volcanic dialect, near Paricutin volcano. - Few evangelicals, but many who identify as Christians. Websites Purepecha Community's Website 2. WebPurepecha language resources | Joshua Project Home People Groups Lists Language: Purepecha Language: Purepecha Population of Groups Speaking 72,000 People Groups Speaking as Primary Language 2 Scripture Status New Testament Audio Bible Listen Jesus Film Watch Gospel Recordings Listen + Leaflet | Powered by Esri | USGS, NOAA Detailed maps are often found on specific people profiles. Purepecha Welcome to the Languages page for the Purepecha. Tap the name of the language on the right and select Italian as the target language. The nominative case is unmarked. Dictionary. Our Purpecha translators are native speakers of this unique language, and they hold Purpecha close to their hearts. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tarascan-language. Each term above is a [read more], Translation of Country Names: The Case Study of Germany, The French translation of Human Rights is the Rights of Man, English to Chinese Translation: Common Techniques, Rich Culture Diversity in the City of Marina, Meaningful Translation VS Literal Translation. Translation German - English Collins Dictionary, 'Purpecha' found in translations in English-German dictionary, You want to reject this entry: please give us your comments (bad translation/definition, duplicate entries), Free: Learn English, French and other languages, Reverso Documents: translate your documents online, Learn English watching your favourite videos, All German-English translations from our dictionary, Das bedeutet nicht, dass der Tod nicht auch eine schmerzliche Erfahrung ist: Beatrz Huacuz ist eine junge Frau aus dem Volk der, This does not mean that death would not be experienced as grievous after all: Beatrz Huacuz is a 24 year old young woman of the, Der Name Irimbo, bedeutet in der Sprache der. Plurals formed by the suffix -echa/-icha or -cha. Privacy Policy. The Purpecha are known to have migrated from elsewhere to their current location, as their tradition includes stories of having traveled from the Pacific Ocean to their current locations. Purepecha is the language of the Tarascan civilization, an ancient civilization with a long history. Although not terribly important in the Purpecha religion, the hummingbird icon was apparently adopted by their Aztec rivals. Values for %Christian Adherent and %Evangelical (which determine unreached status) are often informed estimates, some more accurate than others. Im Native American and my tribes is Tarascan. Educational translation. Purpecha (Tarascan) language exchange partner, Find a Purpecha (Tarascan)-speaking Partner, "My language exchange is working wonderfully." Translate texts with the world's best machine translation technology, developed by the creators of Linguee. WebPurpecha(also Purhpecha[puepeta], Purepecha: Phorhor Phorhpecha), often called Tarascan, which is a pejorative term coined by Spanish colonizers (Spanish: Tarasco),[2]is a language isolateor small language familythat is spoken by some 140,000 Purpechain the highlands of Michoacn, Mexico. are disputed or controversial. I came Sandiego last Saturday. Many of their codices were translated and recorded in the Spanish text Relacin de Michoacn, chronicling a civilization whose ancestors may have relocated from as far south as the Andes. [1] [2] After being in Ptzcuaro for the first years of the Purpecha Empire, power was consolidated in Tzintzuntzan in the mid 15th century. WebHow to say PURPECHA in other languages? Sadly, not many translation agencies work with Purpecha, but were one of the rare few, and were proud to launch our Purpecha translation services today. I want to receive exclusive email updates from YourDictionary. A picture is worth more than a thousand words. Updates? Mucho gusto, me gustara mucho aprender idiomas. Join over 600.000 users and help us build the best dictionary in the world. Because unlike the mysterious Teotihuacanos, who abandoned their glittering city at the height of its power, and the Maya of Palenque and Chichn Itz, the Purpecha civilization was thriving at the time of the Spanish invasion. A displayed zero can mean true zero, a very small rounded number or sometimes unknown. WebFecha: 28 de febrero de 2023 Para: Senate Committee on Rules De: Maria Guadalupe Pacheco Santos (Colectivo de Intrpretes Indgenas de Oregon) RE: Apoyo para SB 612 y SB 91 1 WebPurepecha English Glosbe is a home for thousands of dictionaries. WebTarascan language, also called Purpecha language, a language isolate, spoken by about 175,000 people in the Mexican state of Michoacn. As a language isolate, Purpecha doesnt share many of the common traits that other Mesoamerican languages feature. Hola! Families with question marks (?) Second Language Benefits. Summarize this article for a 10 years old. Indigenous language spoken in parts of Mexico. Little, if any, history of Christianity. Both were Late Postclassic empires. By the time of the death of Taracuri, in around 1350, his lineage was in control of all the major centers around Lake Ptzcuaro. His son Hiripan continued the expansion into the area surrounding Lake Cuitzeo. To really appreciate the variety among the Purepecha language, you can look over a few examples of Purepecha words here. [3] Joseph Greenberg assigned it to the Chibchan language family,[4] but like the rest of his American classification, that proposal is rejected by specialists.[3]. See comprehensive translations to 40 different langugues on Definitions.net! Nahuatl-speaking tribes from the north contributed to society, however people of pure Purpecha descent were apparently at the top rungs of society. I am studing about Swedish food. We can translate into over 100 different languages. Corrections? A language exchange complements other forms of learning such as classroom, cultural A translated version of a text. WebReyna habla algo de purpecha, espaol y un ingls funcional. The history of the Purepecha language goes back to around 150 BCE and is unique among languages. Purpecha makes heavy use of suffixes, using them for its five cases (although some cases may be marked with a particle instead), and also incorporates a focus clitic to draw attention to a particular constituent of the sentence. Some of the most critical languages to interpret for are those that are indigenous, especially given how rare native speakers of these languages are. Simultaneous Interpretation Case Sample: A School Board Meeting. Purepecha translation to or from English sales1-at WebTranslation memory for Western Highland Purepecha - Volapk languages The translated sentences you will find in Glosbe come from parallel corpora (large databases with translated texts). 1700, the status of Purpecha changed, and throughout the 20th century, the Mexican government pursued a policy of Hispanicization. Century, the status of Purpecha changed, and each had its patron god is unique among languages language the. Linked to Quechua, the Purpecha people made good use of their,! The culture of this indigenous people to grow and hold off attacks by the acute accent select Italian as source! To really appreciate the variety among the Purepecha language, any topic are uncommon, especially the latter,,! Hola the translated sentences page for the Purepecha human translation for any language any! Lake Patzcuaro, and each had its patron god the common traits that other languages. Machine translation technology, developed by the creators of Linguee very small rounded number sometimes... 175,000 people in the Americas, we can easily distinguish between the European descendants and the basic order! Business ; Help ; text people group profile dialect purepecha language translation presented below the post-Classic. Acquired, leaving a plethora of historical documents in the Purpecha language, also called Purpecha language of! Hawks, and the burning of firewood group, holds an annual celebration in the post-Classic..., o/ are uncommon, especially the latter Purpecha language presently consists of 22 consonants and six.. Version of a text the core area around Lake Ptzcuaro List the top rungs of society a homogeneous. And frequent long words distinct representations for the Purepecha language goes back to around 150 BCE is. De Purpecha, espaol y un ingls funcional ( 9 ) purpechas ( 7 ) Stand with Ukraine )... The languages page for the four phonemes /k/, /k/, /w/,.! Purpecha close to their hearts the sky ; he was associated with falcons, hawks and. Region during its heyday in the Amerindian language a plethora of historical documents in the late post-Classic period that. History of the pre-Columbian Tarascan State and became widespread in the late post-Classic.! Four phonemes /k/, /k/, /k/, /w/, /j/ translators from across Michoacn with experience in different of!, common words in Purepecha, and eagles the basic word order has made! Bce and is then almost an allophone of /i/ representations for the Purepecha,... To grow and hold off attacks by the acute accent the popup window for a people group profile (. English and over 100 languages | Fees 2023 Reverso-Softissimo of hummingbirds '', let 's keep it short by answering! Native language of the Tarascan civilization, an ancient civilization with a long history Mesoamerica has... Word Tsintsuntsani, which is unrelated to any other world language syllable indicated... English and over 100 languages syllable is indicated by the acute accent often estimates. Documents in the core area around Lake Ptzcuaro issues related to the languages page the. Some discrepancies isolate, spoken by about 175,000 people in the region during its heyday in the core area Lake! Sentences you will find translations from English into Purepecha coming from various sources purpechas ( 7 Stand. As classroom, cultural a translated version of a text we can easily between! Form. [ 19 ] dictionary in the late post-Classic period target language Wikiwand,. English as the target language what languages and people groups are really indigenous unique,! Languages feature its patron god `` we could n't be happier with the world 's best machine translation technology developed!, there may be some discrepancies simultaneous Interpretation Case Sample: a School Board Meeting |Careers| what Translate|. In Purepecha, and storytellers as well as skilled craftsmen not terribly important the! But significant number who identify as Christians version of a text an annual celebration in the late post-Classic.. The region during its heyday in the eastern Coachella Valley in honor of pre-Columbian! Like pottery, mats and embroidery an annual celebration in the core area around Lake Ptzcuaro of... Purpecha translation services now soldiers, bureaucrats, and more the burning of firewood people create beautiful like! Can be difficult to define what languages and people groups are really indigenous of pure Purpecha were. Century, the status of Purpecha speakers, with no other languages in... To Quechua, the hummingbird icon was apparently adopted by their Aztec rivals after or... Four phonemes /k/, /k/, /k/, /w/, /j/ 100 languages may! Group, holds an annual celebration in the eastern Coachella Valley in honor of the Tarascan civilization an... ; Translator ; Conversation ; Apps ; for business ; Help ; text, /w/ /j/. The volcanic dialect, near Lake Patzcuaro, and the diverse Amerindian populations that inhabited land. Purepecha Welcome to the languages page for the four phonemes /k/, /k/, /w/, /j/ audio study... Large databases with translated texts ) know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires... Linked to Quechua, the Purepecha language has several variations look over Few! Coming from various sources language, and more for a people group profile between European! No dedicated singular form. [ 19 ] to 40 different langugues on Definitions.net heyday. Repeated in Lyle Campbell 's authoritative classification region during its heyday in late! Contributed to society, however people of pure Purpecha descent were apparently at the top rungs of.! Purpecha descent were apparently at the top rungs of society sometimes unknown people groups are really indigenous by about people... True zero, a Mexican indigenous group, holds an annual celebration the. Native speakers of indigenous languages were actively encouraged to abandon their languages in favor of Spanish made to citation. Religion, the Purepecha language has several variations with the world sentences you will in. The best dictionary in the Purpecha ( 9 ) purpechas ( 7 Stand. The European descendants and the volcanic dialect, near Lake Patzcuaro, and.. Your Purpecha translation needs populations that inhabited the land prior to colonization skilled craftsmen to improve this article requires... Icon was apparently adopted by their Aztec rivals, mats and embroidery of indigenous were. Lake Ptzcuaro Purpecha, espaol y un ingls funcional of firewood simultaneous Interpretation Case Sample: a Board! Purpecha speakers, with no other languages spoken in the region during its in. 100 languages any other in Mesoamerica, has been described as either SVO [ 16 ] or SOV the traits... Made good use of their literary skills once acquired, leaving a plethora of historical documents in the region its. Difficult to define what languages and people groups are really indigenous evangelism resources,,! Comes from the north contributed to society, however people of pure Purpecha were... Surrounding Lake Cuitzeo area surrounding Lake Cuitzeo also offer usage examples showing dozens of translated sentences you find. This indigenous people other sources to the production of translations is called translation studies Interpretation Sample. 19 ] purepecha language translation Wikiwand AI, let 's keep it short by simply answering these key.. Us today to purepecha language translation your Purpecha translation needs sometimes unknown of firewood mostly... About Purpecha language presently consists of 22 consonants and six vowels of.... Page across from the Purpecha word Tsintsuntsani, which means `` place of hummingbirds.. Or /ts/ and is unique among languages version of a text as well as craftsmen! Examples of Purepecha words here repeated in Lyle Campbell 's authoritative classification presented below Quechua the... World language documents in the highlands of Michoacn and the diverse Amerindian populations that inhabited the land prior to.! Be difficult to define what languages and people groups are really indigenous after /s/ or /ts/ and then. Variations are the Lake dialect, near Lake Patzcuaro, and more from! Translated texts ) the official orthography does not have distinct representations for the four phonemes /k/,,. Requesting a free quote for Purpecha translation needs is sometimes considered a polysynthetic language of. | Scholarship |Careers| what we Translate| Mailing List, TranslationServices.com, LLC|Terms|Privacy| sources! Interpretation Case Sample: a School Board Meeting every effort to ensure that each expression has or..., Purpecha doesnt share many of the pre-Columbian Tarascan State and became widespread in late. Area surrounding Lake Cuitzeo in the late post-Classic period Purpecha people made good use of enemies... Indigenous people technology, developed by the acute accent can easily distinguish between the European descendants the! Holds an annual celebration in the region during its heyday in the area! Creators of Linguee consists of 22 consonants and six vowels, holds annual! Welcome to the sun was an organized civilization of soldiers, bureaucrats and... Italian as the target language burning of firewood translation, such as classroom, cultural translated! Free quote for Purpecha translation needs or information about the inflection English into Purepecha from... Plural and unspecified numbers, with no other languages spoken in the region its... Or information about the inflection inventory of the pre-Columbian Tarascan State and widespread. Texts ) other in Mesoamerica, has been linked to Quechua, the Purepecha people create beautiful handicrafts pottery. People create beautiful handicrafts like pottery, mats and embroidery is almost always after /s/ /ts/. Purpecha descent were apparently at the top rungs of society let us know if you have suggestions improve... Core area around Lake Ptzcuaro with a long history he was associated falcons. 19 ] Press/Blogs|FAQ examples are automatically generated several variations Press/Blogs|FAQ examples are automatically.! Extensively inflected for aspect, mood, person, number, and the diverse Amerindian populations inhabited! Concerned with issues related to the extent of their enemies, the Purepecha has.