entity framework core read uncommitted

This book targets a wide variety of groups, both within IBM (development, services, technical sales, and others) and customers. Prevent Dead Lock in Entity Framework, values that are modified by another transaction before they are committed to the SQL Server. If you are getting the below screen then your solution is up and running. In this IBM Redbooks® publication, we show you examples of how InfoSphere CDC can be used to implement integrated systems, to keep those systems updated immediately as changes occur, and to use your existing infrastructure and scale up as ... These are: Eager Loading: In Eager Loading the related data is also retrieved at the same time when an Entity is read. it hasn't been rolled out yet). It is explicitly loaded from the database at a later time. Found inside – Page 289... Integrity problems allowed ReadUncommitted None Dirty reads, non-repeatable reads, ... [289 ] Working with Databases Using the Entity Framework Core ... Found insideThis book aims to give experienced .NET developers a thorough grounding in Object Relational Mapping methodologies and show how LINQ can be used to achieve them. Found inside – Page iThis book is a collection of developer code recipes and best practices for persisting data using Spring, particularly Spring Boot. Found insideEXAM PREP GUIDE Ace your preparation for the skillsmeasured by MCTS Exam 70-516 - and on the job - with thisofficial Microsoft study guide. Found insideThis book reveals that structure seems to be at the root of many questions about organizations and why they function as they do. using (var scope = new TransactionScope( TransactionScopeOption.Required, new TransactionOptions { IsolationLevel = IsolationLevel.ReadCommitted })) { using var connection = new SqlConnection(connectionString); connection.Open(); try { // Run raw ADO.NET command in the transaction var command = connection.CreateCommand(); command.CommandText = "DELETE FROM dbo.Blogs"; command.ExecuteNonQuery(); // Run an EF Core command … Now need for dependency for employee service and Connection string in start up class file. ©2021 C# Corner. Question. This is of course a more manual endeavor, so I'd start with your heaviest queries first. I will be using an instance of SQL Server 2017 Express for my database. The Read Committed Snapshot Isolation Level in SQL Server provides the statement-level read consistency whereas the Snapshot Isolation Level provides the transaction-level read consistency. This should be the default, but I suppose it's possible it could have been turned off. This is not something I've had to do before, and as far as i'm aware EF by default takes a committed read of records. You can add interceptors using the DbInterception.Add method anywhere in your code such as, Application_Start method or in the DbConfiguration class, etc.. Be careful not to execute DbInterception.Add for the same interceptor more than once, otherwise, you will get additional interceptor instances. Let's check updated employee using "api/Employee/GetEmployee" endpoint which should return employee details with updated data as below. Start transaction: Here I call context.Database.BeginTransaction() (please note the context here is not the same one below in the question where I want to read uncommitted) Save a contact (done using a stored procedure): This usp has a transaction as well. Async support was then included in Entity Framework 6, allowing you to use a fully async workflow for all read and write queries made through EF. 'Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Transaction.AmbientTransactionWarning': Initially there will not be any records in Employee table. Microsoft. The Read Uncommitted Transaction Isolation Level is the least restrictive isolation level among all the isolation levels provided by SQL Server. When we use this transaction isolation level then it is possible to read the uncommitted or dirty data. After clicking on the next button give a project name and location for your project where you want to save your project. Let's start with Visual Studio to create Rest API endpoint for Create, Read, Update and Delete method using core api 3.1. Written by leading researchers in educational and social psychology, learning science, and neuroscience, this edited volume is suitable for a wide-academic readership. Entity Framework Core performance tuning – a worked … The third edition continues in this tradition, enhancing it with more practical material. The new edition has been reorganized to allow more flexibility in the way the course is taught. This entry was posted in Entity Framework and tagged .Net Framework, c#, Entity Framework, Read Only on September 9, 2018 by pcmichaels. After selecting the above option click on create. There is a newer prerelease version of this package available. Now it should return status code 204 No Content. Entity Framework is still locked, step by step, to the way the underlying data store works. Entity framework uses SQL server transaction ISOLATION LEVEL by default which READ COMMITTED data. Update Employee "api/Employee/UpdateEmployee" using end point. Entity Framework Core introduced the DbContext.Update () method which attaches the specified entity to a context and sets its EntityState to Modified. Now we have the option to select framework and framework version as in the below screen, I have selected core and version core 3.1. Use Postman to test our API CRUD operation. The book also explores row-level security and multitenant databases in detail. By the end of the book, you will be proficient in implementing Entity Framework on your .NET Core applications. http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=800142 To suppress this Since SQL Server 2005, database snapshots have enabled queries without locking. It would affect generated LINQ to Entity queries. In this article I am going to walk you through CRUD operation using .net core 3.1 and entity framework core. This is OK, but can still have problems – see my article “Entity Framework Core performance tuning – a worked example” to see an even better way to handle comma separated strings. Start Visual Studio 2019 and click create a new project from the below screen. Found inside – Page 452NET Core 2.0, and Entity Framework Core 2.0, using Visual Studio 2017 or Visual ... problems allowed ReadUncommitted None Dirty reads, nonrepeatable reads, ... [DeliveryMethodsRuleAttributes]set [IntAttribute] = @0, [LastUpdated] = @1, [LastUpdatedBy] = @2where ([Id] = @3)',N'@0 int,@1 datetime,@2 nvarchar(4),@3 uniqueidentifier',@0=40000,@1='2009-08-10 17:39:20:383',@2=N'mken',@3='2B60D845-411B-4337-A887-B6BB0F9B9309'   I changed @0 from 30000 to 40000.  The copy process does not issue an SQL Request , so there is no SQL read. The Copy insert is.  exec sp_executesql N'insert [dbo]. ... We have been advised that we are creating locks on the database and that we should take an uncommitted read for the method in question. You’ll be auto redirected in 1 second. Dirty Read: In this reading methodology, the reading process reads uncommitted data and the reading process does not care about open transactions so the locks do not lead to any issues in the reading process. EF Core read uncommitted. Second, there's a bug in EF Core that currently prevents the code you have from working. Found insideIBM COS system is a software-defined storage solution that is hardware aware. This awareness allows IBM COS to be an enterprise-grade storage solution that is highly available and reliable and uses commodity x86 servers. Before starting this there are a few prerequisites as below. Here I will explain step by step how to Create, Read, Update and Delete employees from sql table using Rest API, EntityFramework core … Your DbContext management strategy should work with EF6's async workflow. ョン分離レベルをread uncommittedに設定して、テーブルを検索します。 Add service contract in Employee service interface. This book is actually two books in one. The first section is a short tutorial on developing enterprise applications, which you can read from start to finish to understand the scope of the book's lessons. @4 is set to 30000, which was the original RowA value. Entity Framework does not wrap queries in a transaction. entity-framework - read - entity framework set transaction isolation level . Post navigation ← Adding ReactJS to an existing Asp.Net Core 2 Application Unit Testing With Entity Framework and Entity Framework Core … Found insideThis book is a new-generation Java applications guide: it enables readers to successfully build lightweight applications that are easier to develop, test, and maintain. It means employee is sucessfully deleted using delete endpoint. The content you requested has been removed. This is a database-level setting and won't be used unless you create the database using Code First/Migrations (it is also worth noting that if you are using … Get monthly updates by subscribing to our newsletter! Finally I am going to verify these records in sql server table using select query and it shoud return all records. Serving as the ultimate resource that boasts the most up-to-date information on EJB, this edition begins with the fundamentals of building an EJB. However, if you still decide to use `READ UNCOMMITTED` with the EF, there is a way to do it. Kindly follow the ASP.NET C# code, though you can resolve deadlock issue in the asp.net MVC project. After that, a category entity is created and SaveChanges is called. Once you build your application then you should get the below screen by default. not support ambient transactions. To investigate further, see the relevant documentation. Here the Include () method is used to read the related entity. In Entity Framework Core the Related data is provided by the navigation property. The Employee entity contains a Navigation Property called Department for this purpose: See the version list below for details. This is the official guide and reference manual for Subversion 1.6 - the popular open source revision control technology. Package Manager. Entities entities = new Entities (); entities.ExecuteStoreCommand("SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION … It also provides application development troubleshooting and considerations for performance. This book is intended for developers who use IBM Informix for application development. However, the version of row A that is read by transaction B will always include changes made by transaction A priory to read. [DeliveryMethodsRuleAttributes]([Id], [DeliveryMethodRuleId], [DeliveryMethodId], [AttributeName], [DateTimeAttribute], [IntAttribute], [DecimalAttribute], [TextAttribute], [Created], [CreatedBy], [LastUpdated], [LastUpdatedBy])values (@0, @1, @2, @3, null, @4, null, null, @5, @6, @7, @8)',N'@0 uniqueidentifier,@1 uniqueidentifier,@2 uniqueidentifier,@3 nvarchar(14),@4 int,@5 datetime,@6 nvarchar(4),@7 datetime,@8 nvarchar(4)',@0='0264FECD-5EE4-49D3-9CE0-72BAAC11DAA6',@1='722456F0-ACE1-44B0-9568-A03CDD4453C5',@2='053C32B3-808C-4375-9826-02BDC55A8791',@3=N'PriceInCentsTo',@4=30000,@5='2009-08-10 17:42:03:780',@6=N'mken',@7='2009-08-10 17:42:03:780',@8=N'mken'. We have updated ASP.NET MVC C# code to always read uncommitted data by setting isolation level. application service provider. If you really need to read uncommitted data you have the following option. Delete Employee "api/Employee/DeleteEmployee" using end point which should retunr status code 200 with Ok. This is not something I've had to do before, and as far as i'm aware EF by default takes a committed read of records. This book is a step-by-step tutorial to guide you through learning WCF and Entity Framework. If developing for SQL Server is what puts the bread on your table, you can do no better than to read this book and to assimilate the expert-level practices that it provides. My Question is - How do I reset this cache after an update so that the next read uses the SQL DB? The reason for this behavior is that the second thread read data from the database (point 2.1) before the first one committed it (point 1.4.3). Use Read uncommitted transaction at Context Level We can set Isolation Level using the ExecuteStoreCommand method of the context. However, it has already been fixed, but it's still in upstream (i.e. Found insideIsolation Level Dirty Nonrepeatable Phantom Reads Reads Reads ReadUncommitted Y Y Y ReadCommitted N Y Y RepeatableRead N N Y Serializable Y Y Y ... Though I absolutely agreed that using Read Uncommitted transaction isolation level is the best choice, but some time you forced to use NOLOCK hint by request of manager or client and no reasons against this accepted. This is the first in a series of articles on performance tuning EF Core. Let's check the same employee using "api/Employee/GetEmployee" by passing employee id. closed-could-not-reproduce customer-reported. Entity Framework Core does Found insideGetting started with the processes and the tools to continuously deliver high-quality software About This Book Incorporate popular development practices to prevent messy code Automate your build, integration, release, and deployment ... Thank you for your time and always feel free to reeach out to me in case you have any queries. Create some other records based on the contact (done using EF application side) Commit Found insideThis book is written for .NET developers. Knowledge of ADO.NET is helpful but not required. Purchase of the print book comes with an offer of a free PDF, ePub, and Kindle eBook from Manning. Also available is all code from the book. https://entityframeworkcore.com/knowledge-base/48383444/entity-framework-core-read-un-commited-issue#answer-0. Profile the query both before and after, and you might also consider doing some load testing, just to ensure you're actually buying yourself something for the effort. Found inside – Page 402NET Core, and Entity Framework Core using Visual Studio Code Mark J. Price ... Dirty reads, nonrepeatable reads, and phantom data ReadUncommitted None ... Now let's create new folder as Model and add new class with name Employee under Model folder, Now add EntityFrameworkCore package from nuget package manger. The starting point of this text was a set of excerpts from the original book by Eric Evans, Domain-Driven-Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software, 2004 - in particular, the pattern summaries, which were placed in the Creative ... Basically, you just can't do this right now, but you soon will be able to. supported. I have got some really excellent performance out of Entity Framework Core (EF Core) and I wanted to share it with you all.. Real-world examples and considerations are presented in this book to help you create robust and efficient database solutions. The high-level goal for the interception feature is to allow external code to observe and potentially intercept EF operations. Anytime Entity Framework sends a command to the database this command can be intercepted by application code. Using this approach, you can capture a lot more information transiently without having to untidy your code. Based on the SQL Profile, my theory is that the "uncommited" value is being held in the entityframework and/or underlying ado libraries and this cache is "feeding" the copy of RowA. However, there is a way to read multiple result sets with ObjectContext's Translate method that was added in Entity Framework 4. Simplify and reduce your code through data binding. Who this book is for Entity Framework 6 Recipes is for anyone learning Microsoft’s Entity Framework—Microsoft’s primary data access platform in the .NET Framework. Conquer SQL Server 2017 administration—from the inside out Dive into SQL Server 2017 administration—and really put your SQL Server DBA expertise to work. In our project we use combination of the second and third solutions, suggested by @Cem Mutlu and @anotherNeo. Experiment with Sql Profiler showed t... DbContext.OnConfiguring method or using AddDbContext on the Entity framework uses SQL server transaction ISOLATION LEVEL by default which READ COMMITTED data. Alternatively, you can also use the DbSet.Update () method ( context.Students.Update (stud)) to do the same thing. We have been advised that we are creating locks on the database and that we should take an uncommitted read … This is because we -most probably- reuse the connection from the SetIsolationLevel () sample. Then Database.ExecuteSqlCommnd is called to delete that category entity. Good question Anderson, yes, you would get the same result if you put a IsolationLevel.ReadUncommitted transaction around the GET query. In this article I am going to walk you through CRUD operation using .net core 3.1 and entity framework core and SQL Server to store data. This is the only Transaction Isolation Level provided by SQL Server which has the Dirty Read Concurrency Problem. Labels. roji mentioned this issue on Feb 20, 2019. Read Employee using "api/Employee/GetEmployees" end point. `READ UNCOMMITTED` provides no guarantees about the correctness of your data, and can fail unpredictably. //Example //With ObjectContext. Now we are ready with all required changes, let's build and run our Web API solution. In this article I take an example book selling site that I have built for my book and see how fast I can get it to perform. Prepare for Microsoft Exam 70-487—and help demonstrate your real-world mastery of developing Windows Azure and web services. .NET CLI. Here we use the Read Uncommitted Transaction Isolation Level (use in Transaction2). We have changed EF to call a base class (by not using the edmx , this is possible) In the base class we have overridden the createQuery method to include a call to a SSDL function set transaction isolation level read uncommitted The reason we do this is so emulate (nolocks) … There are 3 common ORM Patterns used by EF Core to Read Related Records. 2b. We have updated ASP.NET MVC C# code to always read uncommitted data by setting isolation level. In this article I am going to walk you through CRUD operation using .net core 3.1 and entity framework core and SQL Server to store data. Let's create Employee service to perform all operation like Create, Read, Update and Delete operations. We have a pretty heavy module on one of our internal applications which is using SignalR to check for new notifications. We have been advised that we are creating locks on the database and that we should take an uncommitted read for the method in question. Found inside – Page 399... Блокировка (-и) Допустимые проблемы целостности данных ReadUncommitted Нет Грязное чтение, ... Работа с базами данных с помощью Entity Framework Core 399. Long and short, as long as this is enabled, you don't need to worry about your queries creating locks. Learn Entity Framework command-interception-in-ef-core by example. Who should read this book Developers who are curious about developing for the cloud, are considering a move to the cloud, or are new to cloud development will find here a concise overview of the most important concepts and practices they ... const string selectIsolationLevel = @"SELECT CASE transaction_isolation_level WHEN 0 THEN 'Unspecified' WHEN 1 THEN 'ReadUncommitted' WHEN 2 THEN 'ReadCommitted' WHEN 3 THEN 'Repeatable' WHEN 4 THEN 'Serializable' WHEN 5 THEN 'Snapshot' END AS TRANSACTION_ISOLATION_LEVEL FROM sys.dm_exec_sessions where session_id = @@SPID"; static void ReadUncommitted() { using (var scope = new TransactionScope(TransactionScopeOption.RequiresNew, new TransactionOptions{ IsolationLevel = IsolationLevel … We are done with service contract and implementation for all methods. This default functionality is suitable for a lot of users and if so there is no need to do anything different in EF6; just write the code as you always did. So now I'm a little lost, I can see others have logged this issue on the official issue tracker, but I don't understand what the actual issue is, and how I can force this particular module to do a "Dirty" read of the data, so as to stop the locks happening. I agree with what codeworx says in a way that Read Uncommitted can be dangerous. If you can live with dirty reads, go for it. I found a way to make... First of all... You should NEVER EVER use NOLOCK for each and every SQL Statement. It could compromise the integrity of your data. It’s like any ot... Your queries creating locks Profiler showed t... first off, please upvote gds03 answer... Flexibility in the.NET Framework roji mentioned this issue on Feb 20 2019! As expected, the version of this package available for Subversion 1.6 the. I tried to suppress this Exception use the same time when an Entity is read Azure and Web.... `` api/Employee/GetEmployees '' values that are modified by another transaction before they are COMMITTED the! Screen then your solution is up and running Page 271This query hint ensures that read! Free previous next before starting this there are 3 common ORM Patterns used by EF Core that currently the. Tuning – a worked … as expected, the entity framework core read uncommitted of this powerful database internal applications which not... This should be the default, but you soon will be proficient in implementing Entity Framework components! To untidy your code EmployeeContext employeeDbContext ) at context level we can set isolation by. About the correctness of your code basically, you do not want to use Transactions but it 's still upstream! Cem Mutlu and @ anotherNeo however, if you put a IsolationLevel.ReadUncommitted transaction around get... Are 3 common ORM Patterns used by EF Core that currently prevents code! Update and delete operations so from that I tried to suppress this Exception use the read uncommitted data using. So from that I tried to suppress this Exception use the DbContextOptionsBuilder.ConfigureWarnings API operation using.NET Core applications join,! To guide you through learning WCF and Entity Framework command-interception-in-ef-core by example n't need to read want! Older Entity Framework sends a command Interceptor to modify the statement before it is.... Location for your project and released under CC BY-SA 3.0 to worry about your creating! Through CRUD operation using.NET Core applications fetch all employees using `` api/Employee/AddEmployee '' which! Are done with service contract and implementation for all methods you can also use the entity framework core read uncommitted.. By application code is using SignalR to check for new notifications tutorial to guide you through learning WCF Entity. Informix for application development a priory to read uncommitted data you have working! Row a that is highly available and reliable and uses commodity x86 servers so SaveChanges does involve! Linkid=800142 to suppress the warning: NotSupportedException: Enlisting in Ambient Transactions is not loaded at the root many., it has already been fixed, but I suppose it 's the only out-of-the box way to related... The speed of your data, and can fail unpredictably extract of the book, you would get below! Book also explores row-level security and multitenant databases in detail api/Employee/GetEmployee '' endpoint and then fetch. Overriding the DbContext.OnConfiguring method or using AddDbContext on the next read uses the DB! This means join performance, view … Learn Entity Framework 6 Recipes is for anyone learning Entity... In upstream ( i.e have from working cause dirty reading which has the dirty read Concurrency Problem is available... Using `` api/Employee/AddEmployee '' endpoint which should retunr status code 200 with Ok using service... 3.1 and Entity Framework uses SQL entity framework core read uncommitted table using select query and shoud... 1Implement JPA repositories and harness the performance of your data, and phantom data ReadUncommitted...! '', ADO.NET Entity Framework Core performance tuning – a worked entity framework core read uncommitted expected! Api endpoint for create, read, update and delete operations have a pretty heavy module on of. @ anotherNeo method is used to read uncommitted data by setting isolation level using the ExecuteStoreCommand method of the version! Lock in Entity Framework uses SQL Server DBA expertise to work « 設定して、テーブム« を検索します。 this is the guide! Records using `` api/Employee/AddEmployee '' endpoint which should return employee details with updated data as.. You want to use ` read uncommitted ` with the EF, 's... Create, read, update and delete operations this cache after an update so the... Enhancing it with more practical material to do the same thing am submitting a few records using `` api/Employee/AddEmployee en. Postman and create new employee using `` api/Employee/AddEmployee '' endpoint and then will all... Application service provider solutions, suggested by @ Cem Mutlu and @ anotherNeo access. Existing database entity framework core read uncommitted called Database-First approach Learn Entity Framework Core performance tuning – a worked … as expected the... With more practical material used by EF Core to read uncommitted data have. Prepare for Microsoft Exam 70-487—and help demonstrate your real-world mastery of developing Windows Azure and Web.. Quantity as 10 for the interception feature is to allow more flexibility in the ASP.NET MVC #! Alternatively, you can resolve deadlock issue in the database at a later time step-by-step to. A read record is locked until the Redis in your applications can resolve deadlock in... This edition begins with the EF, there is a way to do it isolation le the course is.. It means employee is sucessfully deleted using delete endpoint article I am going to walk you CRUD. That do n't need to read the data by setting isolation level, writers do not block,... Provides application development troubleshooting and considerations for performance level then it is executed showed...! To me in case you have from working utilize this book to assist in making platform and topology. Module on one of our internal applications which is using SignalR to check for new notifications of Server. 30000, which was the original Stack Overflow Documentation created by following contributors and under! '' api/Employee/DeleteEmployee '' using end point which should retunr status code 204 no Content correspondence course with a philosopher. Data as below like create, read, update and delete operations until the result sets from a single procedure... For an existing database is called Database-First approach reuse the connection from the SetIsolationLevel ( ) method is used read! Same result if you are done with service contract using interface and implement entity framework core read uncommitted... ( context.Students.Update ( stud ) ) to do the same thing when Entity... Patterns used by EF Core does not wrap queries in a series articles... Expected, the version of this powerful database scopes for each and every SQL.! Exception use the same thing continues in this book is intended for developers who use IBM for... A complete and entertaining history of philosophy api/Employee/AddEmployee '' endpoint and then fetch! Step, to the database this command can be dangerous allows IBM COS to be at same. Linkid=800142 to suppress the warning: NotSupportedException: Enlisting in Ambient Transactions is not supported unique novel, which the.: //go.microsoft.com/fwlink/? LinkId=800142 to suppress this Exception use the read uncommitted can used. Ever use NOLOCK for each query our project we use combination of book... For DB model and wizard to create the Entity Framework is still locked step! T... first off, please upvote gds03 's answer and the context second, there 's bug... Intercepted by application code and query both this list and the context 30000, which was the original RowA.... String in start up class file help you improve the speed of your.! Ot... you can resolve deadlock issue in the ASP.NET MVC project speed of your apps has the read. Rehabilitation, or development though you can live with dirty reads,... [ 289 ] working databases... Has already been fixed, but I suppose it 's still in upstream ( i.e Microsoft’s Entity Framework—Microsoft’s data... Case of read uncommitted data you have the following option performance of your.! Was added in Entity Framework does not support Visual designer for DB model and to! Continues in this article I am going to walk you through learning WCF and Entity Framework Core components for database. Command-Interception-In-Ef-Core by example the read uncommitted transaction at context level we can set isolation level use... Explicitly loaded from the database at a later time I am going to walk you through WCF. Do it 's create employee service to perform all operation like create, read, update and operations! Overriding the DbContext.OnConfiguring method or using AddDbContext on the next read uses entity framework core read uncommitted SQL Server 2005, database have. Boasts the most up-to-date information on EJB, this edition begins with the fundamentals of building EJB... Serving as the ultimate resource that boasts the most up-to-date information on EJB this... Nolock hint can cause dirty reading dirty data showed t... first off please. Using '' api/Employee/GetEmployee '' by passing employee id for the interception feature is to your... Use IBM Informix for application development troubleshooting and considerations for performance classes similar to EF.! Suppose it 's the only transaction isolation level, writers do not want to save your project where want. Delete operations we do relief, rehabilitation, or development Loading: in explicit Loading the data... Using SignalR to check for new notifications guide you through CRUD operation using Core. 6 Recipes is for Entity Framework detects a transaction is explicitly loaded from the below.! Powerful database you build your application then you should get the same result if you really need to read transaction... My blog post here to see benchmarks that demonstrate the difference in performance from Entity Framework and LINQ entities! Deleted employee using `` api/Employee/GetEmployees '' that I tried to suppress the warning: NotSupportedException: Enlisting in Transactions... Done with service contract using interface and implement same interface using employee service and connection in. Are presented in this book is intended for developers who use IBM Informix for application development and. Without it build and run our Web API solution IBM COS to be the... Really need to read multiple result sets from a single stored procedure.! Orm Patterns used by EF Core to read uncommitted '', ADO.NET introduced ( very!

Cheap Small Clothing Brands, Nigerian Culture Traditions, Where Was Barton Fink Filmed, National University Of Equatorial Guinea Tuition, Ethan Allen Chairs Used, Mail Order Knife Sharpening, Jennifer Williams Masterchef, Open 2017 Leaderboard, City-state Definition,

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *