See the article in its original context from. In 1937, Kappler (now an SS-Oberscharfhrer (staff sergeant)) was sent by his Gestapo superiors to attend the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolzei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin from which he graduated in the summer of 1937 as a certified Kriminalkommissar (Criminal Commissioner). Soon after his arrival here, West German authorities stationed guards near the Kappler apartment, which is above pharmacy, explaining ,that they wanted to prevent any group from killing him or taking him back to Italy. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Despite the Fascist dictatorship, the war, and racial legislation, the family . Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931and the SSin 1933. Hugh O'Flaherty was born to James and Margaret O'Flaherty in Lisrobin, Kiskeam, County Cork, Ireland, on February 28, 1898. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. Despite this O'Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family in escaping from Rome at Liberation. He died of cancer in 1978, never having been returned to Prison. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on February 9, 1978, aged 70.[4]. Anyone can read what you share. Collect, curate and comment on your files. Herbert Kappler became Hitler's man in Rome after the arrest of Benito Mussolini. 2023 jewish telegraphic agency all rights reserved. In 1975 Kappler was diagnosed with cancer, but requests for his release were refused. What happened to Herbert Kappler, SS Colonel, after WWII? SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. Although most were Allied soldiers, some were Jews. Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in the city of Stuttgart in what was then the German Empire. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. . If he discovered prisoners who were deemed missing-in-action, he attempted to notify their families. Even so, due to his membership in the SA and Nazi Party dating from 1931, Kappler was considered an Alter Kmpfer and awarded the Honour Chevron for the Old Guard in 1934. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. Kurtna, however, turned the tables on Kappler by stealing the top secret Sicherheitsdienst codebooks from his office during the chaos that surrounded the Liberation of Rome. She smuggled him into West Germany by car. Kappler was never discharged and technically held this rank during World War II, although by that time Kappler was an active full-time SS member and exempt from further military service. ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. What happened to Herbert Kappler? In retaliation for the armistice between Italy and the Allies on 8 September 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was appointed as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units deployed in Rome. He next attended a technical college and spent seven semesters studying electrical engineering. Irmgard was born on December 9 1908. He escaped from prison shortly before his death in West Germany in 1978. Shahan Russell is one of the authors writing for WAR HISTORY ONLINE. Living in a major city such as Stuttgart, Kappler was a witness to the chaos of the Great Depression, the expansion of the Freikorps, and the rise of the Nazi Party. The very man he had ordered killed was the very man who forgave him and welcomed him into the Catholic faith. [6][7][10][13], Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year. . Toget about, he donned various disguises, hence his nickname the Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican. It came from a book about an Englishman who disguised himself to help French nobility escape the purges of the French Revolution. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. The date of the Ardeatine massacre, March 24, 1944, became a national day of mourning in Italy, and the killings are still recalled with outrage. Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931 and the SS in 1933. Kappler performed active training duty over three separate periods from June 1935 to September 1936, with final release on September 27, 1936 with the rank of Feldwebel der Reserve. Wellwishers showered the Kappler apartment with flowers and telegrams, and young neoNazis marched along the street below with, Fascist and antiJewish banners. [9][13] Kappler's first wife divorced him while he was serving his sentence. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). iie was 70 years old. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Ironically, Kurtna's Soviet masters failed to appreciate or reward his loyalty. By the time the Allies captured Rome in June 1944, OFlahertys underground network had kept 6,245 Allied escapees alive. Anneliese Kappler, wife of the former Rome Gestapo chief, Herbert Kappler and organizer of his controversial escape from a Rome military prison to West Germany, denied last night that any official German authority or any group had aided in the escape attempt. Herbert Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in the German Empire. Vittorio Lattanzio resigned from his position as Minister of Defense in the aftermath of the escape. She defended these donations on the grounds that she had spent her entire savings to try and secure her husbands release and to care for him while he was a prisoner. He was head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre.[1][2]. Giuseppe worked as a salesclerk at an interior decoration store in Rome. In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. Fritz was born on February 23 1876. Towards the end of 1934, on September 29, he married Leonore Janns who was the same age as Kappler (27 at the time) and came from the city of Heilbronn. 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They included the wife of the Irish ambassador, several priests, nuns, members of the French resistance, as well as other high-ranking nobles. On a prison visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase, Kappler, a chain smoker, weighed less than 105 pounds at the time and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. (Photo by Stefano Montesi/Corbis via Getty Images), 2001 x 2880 px (6.67 x 9.60 in) - 300 dpi - 1 MB. . During his teenage years Hugh was a talented student and golfer . In practice, refusal to obey orders during war is not possible. She declined to give details of the escape, saying these would appear in a mass-circulation magazine this week. As Nazi police chief in Rome, he ordered the executions in 1944 after a midtown bombing attack by partisans killed 32 SS men. Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and throughout the war years he cooperated closely with the Fascist police. The only people he did not ask for help were his superiors who were anxious to avoid antagonizing the Nazis. Since the marriage had remained childless, the couple adopted a boy from a Lebensborn home. Kappler presided over the Ardeatine massacre, a mass killing of some 335 civilians and political prisoners on March 24, 1944. We have no ads to show you! Among them was his future wife, Carla Capponi (1918-2000). He was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannfhrer (lieutenant colonel) on September 12 and quickly assumed his new duties operating out of the Italian capital. [1] [2] Hugh OFlaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. Asked whether there werent times when such orders should be disobeyed, Mrs. Kappler replied: One cannot judge this today if one has not experienced war. By this time, Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[16] due to the influence of his war-time enemy, Mgr. From 1939 to 1940, he was briefly deployed to Poland and participated in various Einsatzgruppen actions before serving a further tour as a uniformed Gestapo officer in occupied Belgium where he acted to suppress resistance. Over the years, the two developed a strange friendship. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). It is estimated his group hid over 6,500 people for the remainder of the war in farms, convents, churches, and private apartments. Kappler's post-war time seeking asylum in the Vatican, and his resultant friendship with his former enemy Monsignor O'Flaherty, was dramatised in the radio play The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican by Robin Glendinning. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931 at the age of twenty three. Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. Grow your brand authentically by sharing brand content with the internets creators. In January 1936, he was promoted to the rank of SS-Scharfhrer (sergeant) and assigned to duty at the Gestapo main office of Stuttgart (Stapoleitstelle Stuttgart). Kappler was also portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV movie The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kappler's first meeting with Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty. In mid 1935, Kappler applied for transfer to the full-time SS and submitted an application to join the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) or SiPo. Kappler's first action as head of German security forces in Rome was to help plan the rescue of Benito Mussolini by the SS special forces, a feat which was accomplished by Otto Skorzeny. Kappler came into direct conflict with the Vatican, as the Germans had strong suspicions that it was harboring Allied fugitives and escaped prisoners, even though the Vatican under Pope Pius XII was technically neutral. iie. His first assignment was as a member of an Allgemeine SS formation (the 13th SS-Standarte), operating out of Stuttgart, performing part-time duties as a member of the general SS. It was a large and prestigious establishment, owned by an uncle. After his sentencing (which upheld his lifetime conviction), Kappler went ahead with the conversion. During his captivity, Kappler wrote to his former rival and asked him to come and visit. Kappler was convicted to life imprisonment by an Italian military tribunal after WWII and served life imprisonment in an Italian prison. In 1975, he was diagnosed with cancer. Herbert married Irmgard Kappler (born Erckmann). Shortly after his birth O'Flaherty's parents moved to Killarney, Ireland, and made a home on a golf course where James O'Flaherty worked as a steward. [11][12], Kappler organised the Ardeatine massacre, in which 335 Italian civilians were killed on 24 March 1944 in response to a direct order from Adolf Hitler to "kill 100 Italians for each German", in retaliation for an attack by the Italian Resistance that had resulted in the deaths of 33 men of the SS Police Regiment Bozen's garrison in Rome. OFlaherty never lost his talent for socializing or forgot his golfing skills. Comment * what is insensible water loss. "First a great fear, then a great calm, an enormous lucidity. He mingled with Victor Emmanuel III, the King of Italy and he also became friendly with Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini; the founder of Italian Fascism. During this action, he demanded 110 pounds of gold from the Jewish community in Rome, which he later claimed was an attempt to prevent the round-up and the deportations. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. The Irish War of Independence broke out in 1919, making life difficult. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. Kappler was also never affiliated with the Waffen-SS and spent the war performing "behind the lines" police and security duty. The radio play was first broadcast on 30 November 2006 on UK BBC Radio 4. He had served 30 years of a life term imposed by an Italian military tribunal in 1948 for the reprisal killing during World War II of 335 hostages, including 57 Jews. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. Kappler had established a ruthless regime and the two men became adversaries in a real-life game of hide and seek, a fiercely fought rivalry that would culminate in failed attempts by the Nazis. Kappler was next entrusted with Jewish roundups for transportation to Auschwitz; in his first action, 1,023 Italian Jews were deported with only 16 surviving, and Kappler would later arrange the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom would eventually perish in Nazi gas chambers. As part of the latter operation, Kappler successfully extorted 50 kilograms of gold (110 lbs.) By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[3] partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr Hugh O'Flaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. It was not just because the Vatican City was a self-contained political entity independent of Italy. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. Thank you for using this website. Priebke's commanding officer, Col. Herbert Kappler, was put on trial in postwar Rome; in 1948 he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the Ardeatine Caves atrocity, but his wife eventually. Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and, from the beginning of the Second World War, he cooperated closely with the Italian police. He was intelligent earning a scholarship to a teacher training college. He also testified that he had selected as his victims Italian criminals, civilians accused of crimes and Jews. It was later performed live under the name Kingfishers Catch Fire.[21]. By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. Raised a Protestant, Kappler wanted to convert to Roman Catholicism, but OFlaherty cautioned against it. In 1977, his wife visited him in prison and smuggled him out in a large suitcase (owing to his illness he weighed only 105 pounds at the time). Upon leaving the SA, Kappler was accepted as a prospective candidate into the Schutzstaffel (SS) and appointed to the entry level probation rank of SS-Anwrter. Hugh OFlaherty was born on February 28, 1898, in County Cork, Ireland. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services ( Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. By 1943, the Italians had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Allied powers. Both Capponi and Bentivegna had grown up under Benito Mussolini's dictatorship. Paradoxically, after the war Kappler and O'Flaherty would become friends of sorts.[2]. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. In 1947, Kappler was tried by an Italian military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the military prison of Gaeta. While there, he asked to speak to the Monsignor and was probably surprised when OFlaherty agreed. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 and joined the SS in 1933. Kurtna, who was always loyal to the USSR, only started to also spy for Nazi Germany in 1943 because his new handler, Kappler, repeatedly threatened to otherwise send Kurtna and his wife to a concentration camp. An SS officer, he had been an adviser to Italy's fascist police. His wife divorced him while he was serving his sentence. The Italians unsuccessfully demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly due to his ill health. Where is Herbert Kappler buried? He was head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre. Despite this O'Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family in escaping from Rome at Liberation. Italy demanded his extradition, but .West Germany said this was impossible under its Constitution. Question ( 102766) Answer ( 32) Member ( 11) He served as head of German police and security services ( Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre. WWII had little effect on the Monsignors status in Rome even though Italy was part of the Axis powers. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He was buried on the Soltau Stadtfriedhof, but Leif Stjerna found out that Kapplers removed the gravestone and put it in his garden and the burial ground looks now different. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, "An Italian doctor explains "Syndrome K", the fake disease he invented to save Jews from the Nazis", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kappler&oldid=7681127, German military personnel of World War II, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. He served as head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre.[1][2]. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities, but earned him a transfer to a hospital. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on February 9, 1978, aged 70. 2023 Getty Images. OFlaherty did not just hide POWs. Hugh O'Flaherty, who also often visited him in prison, and with whom Kappler often discussed literature and religion. Germany was furious at the betrayal and retaliated by invading Italy. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 10 (UPI) The family of Herbert Kappler, a former Nazi SS colonel, withheld plans for his funeral today to prevent pro- and antiNazi demonstrators from appearing at the rites. The fivejudge tribunal convicted him of repeated and premeditated murder and sentenced him to life imprisonment, the maximum under Italian law, specifying that he be placed in solitary confinement for four years. Mrs. Kappler told reporters: The more they hate Herbert Kappler, the more love him. Herbert Kappler. Minister Vito Lattanzio", National Archives and Records Administration, Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea, Pope Pius XII and the raid on the Roman ghetto, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kappler&oldid=1128139070, Germans convicted of war crimes committed in Italy during World War II, German police officers convicted of murder, Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Italy, Prisoners and detainees of the British military, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 December 2022, at 16:08. Herbert Kappler of the German Army carried out a massacre of Italian civilians at the Ardeatine Caves near Rome on March 24, 1944. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke . He was a man of many faces who used his talent at disguise to help thousands of people escape from the Nazis. Walter Ciszek as a fellow political prisoner in the Gulag complex located 300km above the Arctic Circle and known as Norillag. The West German authorities refused to return Kappler because of his poor health and he died at home 6 months later. Since he was at this time considered only a general SS member, not assigned to permanent full-time duties, Kappler was not exempt from the draft and he became a Schtze in the Wehrmacht on June 11, 1935. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reich Security Main Office in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe General Kurt Maelzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. 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