C.angrily In Boynton v. Virginia (1960), the Court extended the earlier ruling to include bus terminals, restrooms and other related facilities, and CORE took action to test the enforcement of that ruling. A. Ghost towns were left behind after the mines stopped producing. What event or characteristic of the Industrial Revolution does this painting illustrate? . And after the war, the racist legacy of slavery would persist, spurring movements of resistance, including the Underground Railroad, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Selma to Montgomery March, and the Black Lives Matter movement. D)started getting paid by planters. The nine Black students entered the school under heavily armed guard, marking the first time since Reconstruction that federal troops had provided protection for Black Americans against racial violence. Between 1860 and 1890, the miles of railroad track interlacing the U.S. increased ninefoldfrom 30,000 miles to 270,000 miles, and the population leapt from 31,000,000 to over 76,000,000 people. They kept the cattle moving and rounded up strays. When once we encourage such a system, it is equivalent to admitting our incompetency [inability] for self-government and our inability to seek better conditions. Which economic practice helps motivate companies to keep prices low and improve product quality? B. Some reservations were divided up and given to individual American Indian families. After nine years in the Air Force, Meredith had studied at the allBlack Jackson State College and applied repeatedly to Ole Miss with no success. Giving American Indians land that would be useful for farming. His groundbreaking achievement transcended sports, and as soon as he signed the contract with Rickey, Robinson became one of the most visible African Americans in the country, and a figure that Black people could look to as a source of pride, inspiration and hope. In 1949, he testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee to discuss the appeal of Communism to Black Americans, surprising them with a ferocious condemnation of the racial discrimination embodied by the Jim Crow segregation laws of the South: The white public should start toward real understanding by appreciating that every single Negro who is worth his salt is going to resent any kind of slurs and discrimination because of his race, and hes going to use every bit of intelligenceto stop it. After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work What factor most likely caused a decline in Grange membership? How does Shailas attitude toward Judith change during the course of the story? Some 100 enslaved people, including innocent bystanders, lost their lives in the struggle. On May 18, 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its verdict in Plessy v. Ferguson, a case that represented the first major test of the meaning of the 14th Amendments provision of full and equal citizenship to African Americans. . Pan-Africanist ideas first began to circulate in the mid-19th century in the United States, led by Africans from the Western Hemisphere. Most were subject to special taxes. There was a flip side to this greater exposure, however: Emerging Black writers relied heavily on white-owned publications and publishing houses, while in Harlems most famous cabaret, the Cotton Club, the preeminent Black entertainers of the day played to exclusively white audiences. They increased the personal freedoms of enslaved African Americans B. Letter from a Birmingham Jail was published in the national press even as images of police brutality against protesters in Birminghamincluding children being attacked by police dogs and knocked off their feet by fire hosessent shock waves around the world, helping to build crucial support for the civil rights movement. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. 5.The Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves Though the lofty ideals of the Revolutionary era invigorated the movement, by the late 1780s it was in decline, as the growing southern cotton industry made slavery an ever more vital part of the national economy. Why did miners in the West create groups of vigilantes? It opened up national markets for selling and obtaining resources and helped lower costs of production. by Frances E. W. Harper 3. Based on this text, why might tensions have broken out between Sitting Bull and the United States government? Between 1860 and 1890, the miles of railroad track interlacing the U.S. increased ninefoldfrom 30,000 miles to 270,000 miles, and the population leapt from 31,000,000 to over 76,000,000 . President Johnson signed it into law the following day. Members of the St. Louis Cardinals even threatened to strike if Robinson played; baseball commissioner Ford Frick settled the question by threatening to suspend any player who went on strike. wheat prices declined What industry was Andrew Carnegie part of? Cities in the East and West increased in population. to ensure a complex business ran smoothly. D.Vicksburg Over the next years, however, there was little decrease in housing segregation, and violence arose from Black efforts to seek housing in white neighborhoods. When once we encourage such a system, it is equivalent to admitting our incompetency [inability] for self-government and our inability to seek better conditions. Which was a major result of the Homestead Act of 1862? A.Antietam Four days after Parks arrest, an activist organization called the Montgomery Improvement Associationled by a young pastor named Martin Luther King Jr.spearheaded a boycott of the citys municipal bus company. The Voting Rights Act sought to overcome the legal barriers that still existed at the state and local levels preventing Black citizens from exercising the right to vote given them by the 15th Amendment. Charismatic and eloquent, Malcolm X soon became an influential leader of the NOI, which combined Islam with Black nationalism and sought to encourage disadvantaged young Black people searching for confidence in segregated America. The Southern Pacific Railroad contributed to the growth of cities including San Francisco and Los Angeles What role did both men and women among Plains Indians share? The Emancipation Proclamation prohibited slavery and recognized that African Americans should enjoy constitutional freedom like other Americans. Based on information in the graph, what was one factor in the 1894 Pullman Strike? Kennedy sent federal marshals to escort the riders to Jackson, Mississippi, but images of the bloodshed made the worldwide news, and the freedom rides continued. A former educational consultant and a founder of the National Womens Caucus, Chisholm became the first Black woman in Congress in 1968, when she was elected to the House from her Brooklyn district. . Although railroads caused certain problems, they also made possible the rapid growth of industry after 1865. Refused service due to the counters "whites-only" policy, they stayed put until the store closed, then returned the next day with other students. He divided his forces into several groups and headed out. The organizations believed the participation of white students in the so-called Freedom Summer would bring increased visibility to their efforts. His invention of air brakes made railroad travel safer and faster. . Many western territories began to apply for statehood between the 1860s and 1900. You can ask a new question or browse more history questions. 5. The 15th Amendment, adopted in 1870, guaranteed that a citizens right to vote would not be deniedon account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. During Reconstruction, Black Americans won election to southern state governments and even to the U.S. Congress. According to War Department policy, enlisted Black and white people were organized into separate units. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The years immediately following the construction of the transcontinental railroad were years of astounding growth for the United States. C)rushed to join the Union army. The decision was also difficult to enforce, a fact that became increasingly clear in May 1955 when the Court remanded the case to the courts of origin due to their proximity to local conditions and urged a prompt and reasonable start toward full compliance. Though some southern schools moved towards integration relatively without incident, in other casesnotably in Arkansas and Alabamaenforcing Brown would require federal intervention. Although the Supreme Court declared segregation of public schools illegal in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the decision was extremely difficult to enforce, as 11 southern states enacted resolutions interfering with, nullifying or protesting school desegregation. How did George Westinghouse contribute to railroad transportation? Browns men, including several Black people, captured and held the arsenal until federal and state governments sent troops and were able to overpower them. D. Which was the main reason for the slow growth of labor unions in the United States during the 19th century? successful at negotiating for shorter hours. READ MORE: How Jesse Jackson's Rainbow Coalition Championed Diversity. After months of quarantine and isolation during a global pandemic, protests mounted, spreading across the country in the following days and weeks. George Washington Carver, another formerly enslaved man and the head of Tuskegees agriculture department, helped liberate the South from its reliance on cotton by convincing farmers to plant peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes in order to rejuvenate the exhausted soil. Nevada became a state in 1864; Colorado in 1876; North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington in 1889; Idaho and Wyoming in 1890. Bound for New Orleans, the freedom riders were attacked by angry segregationists outside of Anniston, Alabama, and one bus was even firebombed. On March 7, 600 marchers got as far as the Edmund Pettus Bridge outside Selma when they were attacked by state troopers wielding whips, nightsticks and tear gas. Authorities later estimated the total damage at around $1 billion. They tried to have the case vacated and the ruling overturned without success. Thanks to the campaign of nonviolent resistance championed by Martin Luther King Jr. beginning in the late 1950s, the civil rights movement had begun to gain serious momentum in the United States by 1960. In August of 1619, a journal entry recorded that 20 and odd Angolans, kidnapped by the Portuguese, arrived in the British colony of Virginia and were then were bought by English colonists. The Little Rock Nine forming a study group after being prevented from entering Little Rock's Central High School. The right should be exercised with caution and self restraint; but it should exist, so that it may be invoked if the need arises. The children involved in the landmark civil rights lawsuit Brown v. Board of Education, which challenged the legality of American public school segregation: Vicki Henderson, Donald Henderson, Linda Brown, James Emanuel, Nancy Todd, and Katherine Carper. As a young man, Jesse Jackson left his studies at the Chicago Theological Seminary to join Martin Luther King Jr.s Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in its crusade for Black civil rights in the South; when King was assassinated in Memphis in April 1968, Jackson was at his side. Floyds killing came on the heels of two other high-profile cases in 2020. In 1868, many Lakota leaders agreed to a treaty that created a large reservation in the western half of present-day South Dakota. Based on information in the graph, what was one factor in the 1894 Pullman Strike? Some also cite environmental issues, tax and budget matters, or political processes like voting rights and gerrymandering. How is Judith Templeton depicted? Instead, he urged followers to defend themselves against white aggression by any means necessary. Mounting tensions between Malcolm and NOI founder Elijah Muhammad led Malcolm to form his own mosque in 1964. To ensure a complex business ran smoothly. I like a little competition, but I like combination more." Building rail lines created thousands of jobs. Over the next two days, the remnants of the 7th Cavalry fought for their lives as they waited in vain for Custer to relieve them. During the Civil War, many African Americans went west to work on railroads. D. Though she failed to win a primary, Chisholm received more than 150 votes at the Democratic National Convention. Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers? What industry's decline would hurt the southern economy the most? Which idea does this passage express? Production was limited, however, by the laborious process of removing the seeds from raw cotton fibers, which had to be completed by hand. A series of deaths of Black Americans at the hands of police officers continued to spark outrage and protests, including Eric Garner in New York City, Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, Tamir Rice in Cleveland Ohio and Freddie Gray in Baltimore, Maryland. . He ran again in 1988 and received 6.6 million votes, or 24 percent of the total primary vote, winning seven states and finishing second behind the eventual Democratic nominee, Michael Dukakis. King himself led another attempt on March 9, but turned the marchers around when state troopers again blocked the road; that night, a group of segregationists fatally beat a protester, the young white minister James Reeb. The laws provided African Americans with voting rights. The one was to consider myself as a manufacturer of dry plates and to perfect them as an end in itself. On March 21, after a U.S. district court ordered Alabama to permit the Selma-Montgomery march, some 2,000 marchers set out on the three-day journey, this time protected by U.S. Army troops and Alabama National Guard forces under federal control. Many African American inventors were unable to benefit from their discoveries because of difficulties, Make the camera as convenient as the pencil. Two distinct business policies thus presented themselves. Most were middle or upper class. While in jail, King wrote a letter to local white ministers justifying his decision not to call off the demonstrations in the face of continued bloodshed at the hands of local law enforcement officials, led by Birminghams police commissioner, Eugene Bull Connor. Parks, a 42-year-old seamstress, was also the secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. The state gained the right to decide local matters. Calls for reform led Congress to pass the Dawes Act in 1887. Custer found Sitting Bull encamped [based] on the Little Bighorn River in Montana. What caused many boomtowns to turn into ghost towns? After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work. They were established as a step toward legal freedoms for African Americans. The laws gave African Americans land or farms. Floyd had been accused of using a counterfeit $20 bill at a local deli in Minneapolis. The years immediately following the construction of the transcontinental railroad were years of astounding growth for the United States. Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts. Miners sweated in dusty mine shafts digging coal to fuel railroad engines. In 2013, Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza, and Opal Tometi formed the Black Lives Matter Network with the mission to eradicate white supremacy and build local power to intervene in violence inflicted on Black communities by the state and vigilantes.. B)opened weapons factories. Which of the following contributed MOST to the growth of the Cattle Kingdom? Oftexaggerated reports of the insurrectionsome said that hundreds of white people had been killedsparked a wave of anxiety across the South. Pay special attention to Judiths characterization of the elderly Sikh couple as lovely people motivated by stubbornness and ignorance (para. He was a leading voice for Black Americans during the early 1980s, urging them to be more politically active and heading up a voter registration drive that led to the election of Harold Washington as the first Black mayor of Chicago in 1983. John Brown was hanged on December 2, 1859. ' Kings speech served as a defining moment for the civil rights movement, and he soon emerged as its most prominent figure. After the Civil War, veterans of the Confederate Army made up the majority of the cowhands who worked in Texas. 3.Which battle did Lincoln use to take action against slavery? C.The Emancipation Proclamation Some cowhands dreamed of setting aside enough money to start a herd of their own. Around the same time, the mechanization of spinning and weaving had revolutionized the textile industry in England, and the demand for American cotton soon became insatiable. READ MORE: How a New Deal Housing Program Enforced Segregation. Never brought to justice, Bryant and Milam later shared vivid details of how they killed Till with a journalist for Look magazine, which published their confessions under the headline The Shocking Story of Approved Killing in Mississippi.. C.Fredericksburg The Southern economy was largely based on agriculture. Its organizer, Minister Louis Farrakhan, had called for a million sober, disciplined, committed, dedicated, inspired Black men to meet in Washington on a day of atonement. Farrakhan, who had asserted control over the Nation of Islam (commonly known as the Black Muslims) in the late 1970s and reasserted its original principles of Black separatism, may have been an incendiary figure, but the idea behind the Million Man March was one most Blackand many whitepeople could get behind. Also known as African American History Month, the event grew out of Negro History Week, the brainchild of noted historian Carter G. read more, From the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., to the 2008 election of Barack Obama, to widespread global protests declaring Black Lives Matter in 2020, African American history in the United States has been filled with both triumph and strife. A MASS MOVEMENT NORTH. Caught on videotape by an onlooker and broadcast around the world, the beating inspired widespread outrage in the citys African American community, who had long condemned the racial profiling and abuse its members suffered at the hands of the police force. The years immediately following the construction of the transcontinental railroad were years of astounding growth for the United States. They continued to work long hours for low pay. B.14th Amendment The outspoken Chisholm, who attracted little support among African American men during her presidential campaign, later told the press: Ive always met more discrimination being a woman than being Black. Which factor best accounts for the price change in the Model T automobile? Upon his return to Missouri, Scott sued for his freedom on the basis that his temporary removal to free soil had made him legally free. (She starred in both.) The quotation supports Morgan's practice of. C. They increased an owners control over enslaved African, A. As Reconstruction drew to a close and the forces of white supremacy regained control from carpetbaggers (northerners who moved South) and freed Black people, Southern state legislatures began enacting the first segregation laws, known as the Jim Crow laws. -Terence Powderly, President of the Knights of Labor Most took up arms hoping to be read more, Long before Christopher Columbus stepped foot on what would come to be known as the Americas, the expansive territory was inhabited by Native Americans. While Washington and Carver represented a philosophy of accommodation to white supremacy, another prominent Black educator, the Harvard-trained historian and sociologist W.E.B. I want to have time to look for my children and see how many I can find. I was wrong about 5. Kings death opened a huge rift between white and Black Americans, as many Black people saw the killing as a rejection of their vigorous pursuit of equality through the nonviolent resistance he had championed. The soil used to grow tobacco, then the leading cash crop, was exhausted, while products such as rice and indigo failed to generate much profit. At the end of World War II, African Americans were poised to make far-reaching demands to end racism. They increased the personal freedoms of enslaved African Americans. -J.P. Morgan A year earlier, Representative Shirley Chisholm of New York became a national symbol of both movements as the first major party African American candidate and the first female candidate for president of the United States. Police cars were set on fire and officers released tear gas to disperse crowds. It opened up national markets for selling and obtaining resources and helped lower costs of production. 4.The Union victory at Antietam allowed Lincoln a position ins trength. D.only in the north US under Union control Antislavery northernersmany of them free Black peoplehad begun helping enslaved people escape from southern plantations to the North via a loose network of safe houses as early as the 1780s called the Underground Railroad. After the American Revolution, many colonistsparticularly in the North, where slavery was relatively unimportant to the agricultural economybegan to link the oppression of enslaved Africans. The white protective societies that arose during this periodthe largest of which was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)sought to disenfranchise Black voters by using voter suppression and intimidation as well as more extreme violence. On April 4, 1968, the world was stunned and saddened by the news that the civil rights activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner Martin Luther King Jr. had been shot and killed on the balcony of a motel in Memphis, Tennessee, where he had gone to support a sanitation workers strike. Which economic practice helps motivate companies to keep prices low and improve product quality? After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work, Which of the following can best be inferred from looking at this map, The southern pacific railroad contributed to the growth of cities like San Francisco and los Angeles, Which of the following directly contributed to the trend shown on the chart, Rising demand for buffalo robes in the 1840s, How did the business of farming change from the 1860s through the 1890s, Freight rates fell but so did wheat prices, The plains Indians reaction to the sand creek massacre ultimately resulted in, A new treaty agreement that relocated the plains Indians to reservations in Oklahoma, Why did southern states use poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses as reconstruction came to an end, Which detail in the photo was influenced by vaqueros, How did George Weatinghouse contribute to railroad transportation, His invention of air brakes made railroad travel safer and faster, How was the tragedy by Wounded Knee related to the Ghost Dance, Groups of Lakota left reservations after the banning of the Ghost Dance, and soldiers killed many of them at Wounded Knee, The main reason for the attack on the tribes under Sitting Bull was to, Show that Custer could defeat a larger group of Lakota and Cheyenne, Which of the following phrases might a Republican congressman have used to describe President Johnson's Reconstruction plan, According to this passage, how did the Dred Scott decision help inspire the 14th Amendment, The Dred Scott decision said that African Americans were not citizens, so the amendment defined citizenship to include them, Based on this selection, which policy would the Populists' Party be most likely to support, Regulating railroads rates to help farmers, What event in the history of the west in the late 1800s prompted Chief Joseph to give this speech, The defeat of Native American people's by United States troops, What pattern can you find in share cropping as shown on this map, In Georgia and South Carolina share cropping was more common in inland areas than coastal areas, Based on the information shown, why might some Southern Democrats have disputed the election of Rutherford B. Hayes as President of the United States, What happened in 1876 that caused the dramatic change shown on this graph, The end of reconstruction hurt republicans in South Carolina, How did coal production in the south change after the civil war, Which of the following tasks did the Freedmen's Bureau consider essential to its mission, Some Native Americans on the Great Plains lived in buildings like those shown here because, Which best describes what might have happened to the mining town pictured to cause it to be so desolate, It became a ghost town after the mines stopped producing, Under the black codes put into place in southern states after after the civil war which of the following rights was protected for African Americans, Which of the following most likely describes the perspective of the person who made this illustration, Why did Southern states adopt literacy tests, poll taxes and grandfather clause, What social trend caused the demand for beef to rise immediately following in the civil war, Cities in the east and west increased in population, Why did miners in the west create groups of vigilantes, How was Lincoln's ten percent plan different from the proposed Wade-David Bill, The Wade-Davis Bill banned confederate volunteers from voting; Lincoln's plan did not, Why did republicans in congress attempt to impeach president Andrew Jackson, They disagreed over plans for reconstruction. 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